class ListSerializer

    def create(self, validated_data):
        return [
            self.child.create(attrs) for attrs in validated_data
        ]

    def create(self, validated_data):
        raise NotImplementedError('`create()` must be implemented.')

    def get_initial(self):
        if hasattr(self, 'initial_data'):
            return self.to_representation(self.initial_data)
        return []

    def get_initial(self):
        """
        Return a value to use when the field is being returned as a primitive
        value, without any object instance.
        """
        if callable(self.initial):
            return self.initial()
        return self.initial

    def get_value(self, dictionary):
        """
        Given the input dictionary, return the field value.
        """
        # We override the default field access in order to support
        # lists in HTML forms.
        if html.is_html_input(dictionary):
            return html.parse_html_list(dictionary, prefix=self.field_name, default=empty)
        return dictionary.get(self.field_name, empty)

    def get_value(self, dictionary):
        """
        Given the *incoming* primitive data, return the value for this field
        that should be validated and transformed to a native value.
        """
        if html.is_html_input(dictionary):
            # HTML forms will represent empty fields as '', and cannot
            # represent None or False values directly.
            if self.field_name not in dictionary:
                if getattr(self.root, 'partial', False):
                    return empty
                return self.default_empty_html
            ret = dictionary[self.field_name]
            if ret == '' and self.allow_null:
                # If the field is blank, and null is a valid value then
                # determine if we should use null instead.
                return '' if getattr(self, 'allow_blank', False) else None
            elif ret == '' and not self.required:
                # If the field is blank, and emptiness is valid then
                # determine if we should use emptiness instead.
                return '' if getattr(self, 'allow_blank', False) else empty
            return ret
        return dictionary.get(self.field_name, empty)

    def is_valid(self, raise_exception=False):
        # This implementation is the same as the default,
        # except that we use lists, rather than dicts, as the empty case.
        assert hasattr(self, 'initial_data'), (
            'Cannot call `.is_valid()` as no `data=` keyword argument was '
            'passed when instantiating the serializer instance.'
        )

        if not hasattr(self, '_validated_data'):
            try:
                self._validated_data = self.run_validation(self.initial_data)
            except ValidationError as exc:
                self._validated_data = []
                self._errors = exc.detail
            else:
                self._errors = []

        if self._errors and raise_exception:
            raise ValidationError(self.errors)

        return not bool(self._errors)

    def is_valid(self, raise_exception=False):
        assert hasattr(self, 'initial_data'), (
            'Cannot call `.is_valid()` as no `data=` keyword argument was '
            'passed when instantiating the serializer instance.'
        )

        if not hasattr(self, '_validated_data'):
            try:
                self._validated_data = self.run_validation(self.initial_data)
            except ValidationError as exc:
                self._validated_data = {}
                self._errors = exc.detail
            else:
                self._errors = {}

        if self._errors and raise_exception:
            raise ValidationError(self.errors)

        return not bool(self._errors)

    def run_validation(self, data=empty):
        """
        We override the default `run_validation`, because the validation
        performed by validators and the `.validate()` method should
        be coerced into an error dictionary with a 'non_fields_error' key.
        """
        (is_empty_value, data) = self.validate_empty_values(data)
        if is_empty_value:
            return data

        value = self.to_internal_value(data)
        try:
            self.run_validators(value)
            value = self.validate(value)
            assert value is not None, '.validate() should return the validated data'
        except (ValidationError, DjangoValidationError) as exc:
            raise ValidationError(detail=as_serializer_error(exc))

        return value

    def run_validation(self, data=empty):
        """
        Validate a simple representation and return the internal value.

        The provided data may be `empty` if no representation was included
        in the input.

        May raise `SkipField` if the field should not be included in the
        validated data.
        """
        (is_empty_value, data) = self.validate_empty_values(data)
        if is_empty_value:
            return data
        value = self.to_internal_value(data)
        self.run_validators(value)
        return value

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Save and return a list of object instances.
        """
        # Guard against incorrect use of `serializer.save(commit=False)`
        assert 'commit' not in kwargs, (
            "'commit' is not a valid keyword argument to the 'save()' method. "
            "If you need to access data before committing to the database then "
            "inspect 'serializer.validated_data' instead. "
            "You can also pass additional keyword arguments to 'save()' if you "
            "need to set extra attributes on the saved model instance. "
            "For example: 'serializer.save(owner=request.user)'.'"
        )

        validated_data = [
            {**attrs, **kwargs} for attrs in self.validated_data
        ]

        if self.instance is not None:
            self.instance = self.update(self.instance, validated_data)
            assert self.instance is not None, (
                '`update()` did not return an object instance.'
            )
        else:
            self.instance = self.create(validated_data)
            assert self.instance is not None, (
                '`create()` did not return an object instance.'
            )

        return self.instance

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        assert hasattr(self, '_errors'), (
            'You must call `.is_valid()` before calling `.save()`.'
        )

        assert not self.errors, (
            'You cannot call `.save()` on a serializer with invalid data.'
        )

        # Guard against incorrect use of `serializer.save(commit=False)`
        assert 'commit' not in kwargs, (
            "'commit' is not a valid keyword argument to the 'save()' method. "
            "If you need to access data before committing to the database then "
            "inspect 'serializer.validated_data' instead. "
            "You can also pass additional keyword arguments to 'save()' if you "
            "need to set extra attributes on the saved model instance. "
            "For example: 'serializer.save(owner=request.user)'.'"
        )

        assert not hasattr(self, '_data'), (
            "You cannot call `.save()` after accessing `serializer.data`."
            "If you need to access data before committing to the database then "
            "inspect 'serializer.validated_data' instead. "
        )

        validated_data = {**self.validated_data, **kwargs}

        if self.instance is not None:
            self.instance = self.update(self.instance, validated_data)
            assert self.instance is not None, (
                '`update()` did not return an object instance.'
            )
        else:
            self.instance = self.create(validated_data)
            assert self.instance is not None, (
                '`create()` did not return an object instance.'
            )

        return self.instance

    def to_internal_value(self, data):
        """
        List of dicts of native values <- List of dicts of primitive datatypes.
        """
        if html.is_html_input(data):
            data = html.parse_html_list(data, default=[])

        if not isinstance(data, list):
            message = self.error_messages['not_a_list'].format(
                input_type=type(data).__name__
            )
            raise ValidationError({
                api_settings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY: [message]
            }, code='not_a_list')

        if not self.allow_empty and len(data) == 0:
            message = self.error_messages['empty']
            raise ValidationError({
                api_settings.NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY: [message]
            }, code='empty')

        ret = []
        errors = []

        for item in data:
            try:
                validated = self.child.run_validation(item)
            except ValidationError as exc:
                errors.append(exc.detail)
            else:
                ret.append(validated)
                errors.append({})

        if any(errors):
            raise ValidationError(errors)

        return ret

    def to_internal_value(self, data):
        raise NotImplementedError('`to_internal_value()` must be implemented.')

    def to_internal_value(self, data):
        """
        Transform the *incoming* primitive data into a native value.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError(
            '{cls}.to_internal_value() must be implemented for field '
            '{field_name}. If you do not need to support write operations '
            'you probably want to subclass `ReadOnlyField` instead.'.format(
                cls=self.__class__.__name__,
                field_name=self.field_name,
            )
        )

    def to_representation(self, data):
        """
        List of object instances -> List of dicts of primitive datatypes.
        """
        # Dealing with nested relationships, data can be a Manager,
        # so, first get a queryset from the Manager if needed
        iterable = data.all() if isinstance(data, models.Manager) else data

        return [
            self.child.to_representation(item) for item in iterable
        ]

    def to_representation(self, instance):
        raise NotImplementedError('`to_representation()` must be implemented.')

    def to_representation(self, value):
        """
        Transform the *outgoing* native value into primitive data.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError(
            '{cls}.to_representation() must be implemented for field {field_name}.'.format(
                cls=self.__class__.__name__,
                field_name=self.field_name,
            )
        )

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        raise NotImplementedError(
            "Serializers with many=True do not support multiple update by "
            "default, only multiple create. For updates it is unclear how to "
            "deal with insertions and deletions. If you need to support "
            "multiple update, use a `ListSerializer` class and override "
            "`.update()` so you can specify the behavior exactly."
        )

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        raise NotImplementedError('`update()` must be implemented.')